대구외고 2학년 기말고사 대비(Greenwashing)-(2)
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[1~10] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
In our hyper-consumption based societies, it’s always smart to raise a skeptical eyebrow when you hear organizations make claims of how they’re “doing their part” in the quest to “save the Earth”, (although at the UnSchool we truly believe that no one can “save” the Earth, but we can all change it!). But when companies invest more time and money on marketing their products or brand as “green” rather than actually doing the hard work —this is called greenwashing. ( ① )
Cambridge Dictionary says greenwashing is designed “to make people believe that your company is doing more to protect the environment than it really is.”
As an analogy, greenwashing is to corporations as tree hugging is to individuals who say they care about the environment, it’s a symbolic reference that has little actual outcomes. And more so just confuses the issue attempting to be resolved.
( ② ) Whilst some greenwashing is unintentional and results from a lack of knowledge about what sustainability truly is, it is often (A) carried out through a wide range of marketing and PR efforts. ( ③ ) Thus, environmental problems stay the same or more likely, get even worse, as greenwashing often sucks up airtime and misdirects well-intentioned consumers down the wrong path.
( ④ ) One such classic greenwashing case is that of the car giant Volkswagen, who has admitted to cheating emissions tests by fitting various vehicles with a “defeat” device — a proprietary software that could detect when it was undergoing an emissions testing, altering the performance to reduce the emissions level, all while touting the low-emissions features of its vehicles through marketing campaigns. In truth, however, these engines were emitting up to 40x the allowed limit for nitrogen oxide pollutants.
There are countless other case studies across all industries that show how NOT to do sustainability by discovering more examples of greenwashing — like the meat mega-giant Tyson, who got busted for false claims about antibiotic-free chickens. Or the fossil fuel giant BP (who changed their name to Beyond Petroleum and put solar panels on their gas stations) and then got called out for their green misdirection, and of course Coke, who has been accused of greenwashing through ‘natural’ sugar claims that it started marketing as a way to attract more health-conscious consumers.
In 2007 Terra Choice Marketing came up with the Six Sins of Greenwashing which classifies the many ways that companies participate in greenwashing, from outright lying through to making claims with no scientific proof. This is one of the reasons that life cycle thinking is such an important tool to know how to access and use when making sustainable design choices, because many people who get caught greenwashing are often not intentionally doing it, but more so are ill-informed of the impacts of different materials. ( ⑤ ) They thus end up (B) making unsubstantiated claims about environmental preferences, or worse still making assumptions about what is green or not based on environmental folklore or simple google searching!
1. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① Six Sins of Greenwashing and Environmental Folklore
② Why Companies Sometimes Pretend to Be Green for Marketing
③ Unmasking Greenwashing: How Companies Mislead on Sustainability
2. 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 적절한 것을 고르시오.
① of implementing genuine environmental practices
② to make genuine improvements
③ of creating superficial marketing campaigns
3. 윗글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
(A) (B)
① intentionally …… accidentally
② accidentally …… intentionally
③ rapidly …… carefully
④ carelessly …… unintentionally
⑤ deliberately …… routinely
4. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 윗글에 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
But the common denominator among all greenwashing is that it is not only misleading, but it’s also really not helping to further sustainable design or circular economy initiatives. |
① ( ① ) ② ( ② ) ③ ( ③ ) ④ ( ④ ) ⑤ ( ⑤ )
5. 윗글의 밑줄 친 got busted for false claims 가 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
① Tyson was praised for its claims about antibiotic-free chickens
② Tyson was caught and exposed for making untrue statements about its chickens
③ Tyson was rewarded for making truthful claims about its chickens
6. 윗글의 밑줄 친 got called out for their green misdirection 이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
① They were rewarded for their efforts to innovate in sustainability.
② They were praised for successfully shifting focus to environmental issues.
③ They were publicly criticized for distracting or misleading people about their true environmental impact.
7. Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the word “outright” in the text?
① partial ② hesitant
③ subtle ④ complete
8. What is the core idea behind the passage?
a. Companies should focus on marketing their green image to attract consumers.
b. Greenwashing misleads consumers and hinders genuine environmental progress.
c. All companies intentionally deceive the public about their environmental efforts.
d. Individuals can save the Earth by supporting green marketing campaigns.
9. 윗글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Companies engage in greenwashing by prioritizing (A) over genuine sustainability efforts, which (B) consumers and undermines environmental progress. |
(A) (B)
① promotion …… deceives
② promotion …… educates
③ transparency …… deceives
④ research …… deceives
⑤ research …… educates
10. 윗글에 대한 설명이나 추론으로 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?
① Greenwashing misleads consumers by exaggerating a company’s environmental efforts through deceptive marketing and PR.
② Companies like Volkswagen and BP have engaged in greenwashing through false claims and symbolic gestures.
③ The practice diverts well-intentioned consumers, ultimately hindering progress toward a sustainable and circular economy.
④ All instances of greenwashing are intentional, malicious acts designed to deceive the public for profit.
⑤ Greenwashing can be both a deliberate deception and an unintentional result of insufficient sustainability knowledge.
[서술형]
What are the most common ways companies greenwash their environmental efforts?
(기업들이 환경 관련 노력을 그린워싱하는 가장 흔한 방법은 무엇일까요?)
The most common ways companies greenwash their environmental efforts include making vague or unsubstantiated claims, focusing on minor green attributes while ignoring larger harms, using misleading marketing or fake certifications, and exaggerating or fabricating their environmental achievements.
(기업들이 환경 보호 노력을 그린워싱하는 가장 흔한 방법에는 모호하거나 근거 없는 주장을 하는 것, 더 큰 피해를 무시하고 사소한 환경적 특성에만 집중하는 것, 오해의 소지가 있는 마케팅이나 가짜 인증을 사용하는 것, 환경적 성과를 과장하거나 날조하는 것 등이 있습니다.)
REVIEW TEST
TRUE / FALSE: Guess if 1~7 blow are true (T) or false (F).
1. Greenwashing is always an intentional act by companies to mislead consumers. ( )
2. The term “greenwashing” describes when a company spends more on marketing its green credentials than on implementing actual sustainable practices. ( )
3. The text suggests that greenwashing is limited to a few specific industries, such as automotive and fossil fuels. ( )
4. Volkswagen was caught greenwashing for using a “defeat” device that made their vehicle emissions seem lower during official testing than they were in reality. ( )
5. The text argues that greenwashing ultimately helps further the cause of sustainable design by raising consumer awareness. ( )
6. BP was accused of greenwashing for rebranding to “Beyond Petroleum” and installing solar panels at its gas stations while continuing its primary fossil fuel operations. ( )
7. The “Six Sins of Greenwashing” framework was developed to classify the various methods companies use to greenwash, including making claims without proof. ( )
Multiple Choice Quiz
1. According to the text, greenwashing occurs when a company:
(a) genuinely invests in making its products and practices sustainable.
(b) partners with environmental organizations to fund conservation efforts.
(c) spends more on marketing its brand as “green” than on making it sustainable.
(d) accidentally makes a product that is more environmentally friendly than intended.
2. The Volkswagen case study is a classic example of greenwashing because the company:
(a) sponsored an Earth Day event while lobbying against emissions standards.
(b) used a “defeat device” to cheat on emissions tests while advertising low emissions.
(c) exaggerated the fuel efficiency of its vehicles by a small margin.
(d) sourced its materials from a company with a poor environmental record.
3. The passage suggests that greenwashing is harmful primarily because it:
(a) makes sustainable products more expensive for consumers.
(b) is always an intentional act of deceiving the public for profit.
(c) creates too much competition in the sustainable goods market.
(d) misleads consumers and allows environmental problems to persist or worsen.
4. Which company was called out for greenwashing after changing its name to “Beyond Petroleum” and putting solar panels on its gas stations?
(a) Tyson
(b) Volkswagen
(c) Coke
(d) BP
5. What does the text identify as a primary reason for unintentional greenwashing?
(a) A lack of consumer demand for truly sustainable products.
(b) The high cost of implementing circular economy initiatives.
(c) Being ill-informed about the actual impacts of different materials.
(d) The complexity of international environmental laws.
6. The text compares corporate greenwashing to what symbolic individual action?
(a) Recycling
(b) Tree hugging
(c) Donating to a cause
(d) Using public transport
